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Hookworms in Dogs

Hookworms in dogs are intestinal parasites that live in the digestive system of a dog. Canine hookworms pose a serious threat to dogs, especially young puppies. They can cause blood loss, weight loss, diarrhea or death.

Hookworms in Dogs

The hookworm (Ancylostoma and Uncinaria) is a common intestinal parasite of dogs (and cats), especially among puppies (and kittens).

Unlike roundworms that just float in the dog's intestines, hookworms actually have "teeth" with which they attach themselves to the wall of the intestine and feed on the dog's blood. Hookworms in dogs can cause severe disease including anemia and serious diarrhea.

Hookworms are rather small (up to 1 inch in length) and thread-like. Their life cycle begins with adult worms within a dog's intestine laying eggs, which are ejected into the dog's digestive tract and pass into the environment through feces. If the environment is favorable (warm and humid), the eggs hatch into larvae which then search for a host.

Hookworms in Dogs - How Do Dogs Get Infected?

Dogs can get infected with hookworms in a number of ways:

  • Ingestion of Larvae

    Larvae may be ingested through contaminated food, water or soil. Once ingested, most larvae migrate to the intestine where they mature into adults and remain. Like roundworms, some larvae may decide to stop their migration for a while and encyst in muscles, fat, or other tissues.

  • Skin Penetration

    Larvae can also gain entry to a dog's body through the skin (usually the footpads). The larvae migrate through the bloodstream to the lungs and trachea, and are coughed up and swallowed. They attach themselves to the intestinal wall and grow into adults.

  • In-utero Transmission

    The encysted larvae of hookworms can migrate to and live in a pregnant dog's uterus and infect the unborn puppy through the placenta. The larvae then enter the lungs of the fetal pup. When the puppy is born, it will cough up the larvae which are re-swallowed back into the puppy's digestive system and they will mature in the puppy's intestine.
  • Transmission while Nursing

    The larvae of hookworms can also migrate to the mammary gland of a mother dog and puppies can be infected by drinking the mother's milk. The swallowed larvae mature in the pup's intestine.

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Symptoms of Hookworms in Dogs

Because hookworms in dogs feed on the dog's blood, they can rapidly cause anemia. An infected dog will show the following symptoms:

  • Pale mucous membranes, e.g. pale gums
  • Lethargy
  • Black, tarry stools
  • Dull hair coat
  • Stunted growth in puppies
  • Diarrhea
  • Vomiting

If skin penetration has taken place, the footpads or other areas may:

  • appear red
  • bleed
  • itch
  • become infected

In severe cases, the dog may cough or develop pneumonia as the larvae migrate through the lungs. The dog may eventually die from the infection.

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Diagnosis of Hookworms in Dogs

Hookworms in dogs are diagnosed by using a microscope to look for eggs in a stool sample.

In very young puppies, severe disease may be present before the adult worms have started to lay eggs. In such cases, diagnosis is made by evaluating the signs of disease.

Compared to roundworms, the adult hookworms are relatively small and are difficult to be detected in the stool.

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Conventional Treatment for Hookworms in Dogs

As hookworms can cause serious health problems in dogs such as anemia, it is important to eradicate the worms without delay. The best course of action is for dogs, especially puppies, to receive conventional deworming treatment under veterinary supervision.

However, after the conventional treatment, it is advisable to use natural remedies to "mop up" any remnants and to prevent further infestations. Visit our page on Roundworms in Dogs for information on using natural remedies to treat dog worms.

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After Care for Dogs with Hookworms

A dog with worm infestations is very often weak due to malnutrition (the worms rob the dog of a lot of essential nutrients) and/or anemia.

It is therefore important to replenish the supply of essential nutrients to strengthen up the dog's immunity.

Diet

While your dog is being treated for worms, it is essential to feed him foods that are nutritious. A diet high in protein and fat is desirable (e.g. 40% of the diet should come from meat or eggs). Add fish oil to the dog's food for fat supply.

Improve Digestion

Even if you feed your dog nutritious foods, he cannot get all the nutrients he needs if the foods are not fully digested. To ensure that he can properly digest the foods and absorb the nutrients, feed him supplements of digestive enzymes and probiotics.

Supplements

Dogs with hookworms usually suffer from anemia. Therefore, blood-building supplements rich in iron and vitamins should be given to provide the dogs' bodies with the necessary building blocks for new blood to be produced.

Here is a great natural product for this purpose:

Genesis Resources Blood & Energy Formula for Dogs and Cats

This supplement is designed to help improve the health status of the blood and the blood forming organs, such as the spleen, liver, bone marrow, and kidneys. It contains ingredients rich in RNA/DNA, iron and vitamin B12, which are essential for the formation of hemoglobin.

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Prevention of Hookworms in Dogs

  • Sanitation

    The larvae of hookworms can survive in cool, moist soil for several weeks, but die rapidly in freezing or hot, dry conditions. Yards and kennels should be cleaned daily. All fecal material should be collected and removed.
  • Deworming Female Dogs during Pregnancy

    To reduce the possibility of female dogs infecting their puppies, during pregnancy they should be given a special deworming treatment by a veterinarian. They should also be treated with a dewormer at the same time as the puppies.

"Creeping Eruption" in Humans

Some hookworm larvae have the ability to penetrate human skin, causing severe itching and dermatitis. This condition is known as "cutaneous larva migrans" ("creeping eruption"). Since hookworm larvae thrive in warm sandy soils, animals should not be allowed to defecate on beaches, and people should not walk barefoot through the sand.





Related Topics

Dog Worms
Roundworms in Dogs
Tapeworms in Dogs
Whipworms in Dogs

References

Pitcairn and Pitcairn, Dr. Pitcairn's Complete Guide to Natural Health for Dogs and Cats (Rodale, 2005).
M.L. Wulff-Tilford and G.L. Tilford, Herbs for Pets (Bowtie Press, 1999).
PetEducation.com

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